A discussão acerca da constituição da autoridade política descrita no Leviathan, especificamente, no contexto do Cap. XVI, configura-se como uma das questões mais proeminentes referente às pesquisas da problemática filosófica e política de Hobbes na atualidade. Relacionado diretamente com a teoria da representação, o fundamento da autoridade evidencia nitidamente uma articulação entre o processo representativo da pessoa artificial com as exigências do argumento contratualista hobbesiano, cuja consequência direta está na configuração da convergência entre a vontade do poder soberano com a (...) vontade particular daqueles que o instituíram. Diante desse pressuposto teórico, propõe-se examinar o processo intrínseco pelo qual a vontade soberana reverte-se de autoridade suficiente para agir em conformidade com a vontade e poder de ação daqueles que consentidamente a autorizaram a este fim. Para tanto, torna-se imprescindível analisar o processo argumentativo pelo qual o filósofo explica a aquisição do direito e consentimento para agir no lugar daquele a quem pertencia tal direito de praticá-la na consecução de uma “ação ou efeito comum” como consequência do processo de representação política, assim como a natureza e determinação da figura teórica da pessoa fictícia ou artificial portadora da unidade das vontades. Baseado nesses elementos torna-se, portanto, possível determinar o fundamento da autoridade, tal como Hobbes pressupõe no Leviathan, tarefa ao qual a presente comunicação objetiva essencialmente a demonstrar.: The discussion about the constitution of political authority described in the Leviathan, specifically in the context of Sec. XVI, configures itself as one of the most prominent issues related to the research of philosophical problems and Hobbes politics today. Directly related to representation theory, the foundation of authority clearly shows a link between the representative process of artificial person with the requirements of the hobbesian’s contractarian argument, which is a direct consequence of the configuration of the convergence between the will of the sovereign power to the will of those particular that instituted. Face of this theoretical assumption, we propose to examine the intrinsic process by which the sovereign will revert is sufficient to comply with the will and power of action of those who consentidamente the authorized authority for this purpose. For this, it is essential to analyze the argumentative process by which the philosopher explains the entitlement and consent to act in place of who owned that right to practice it in achieving "common action or effect" as a result of the process political representation, and the nature and determination of the theoretical concept of fictional or artificial person drive carrier wills. Based on these elements becomes therefore possible to determine the basis of the authority, as Hobbes in the Leviathan assumes, a task to which this article aims primarily to demonstrate. Keys words: Authority, political representation, Unity, will. (shrink)

The purpose of this article is to discuss the terms of representation and the theory of authorization in Hobbes, highlighting, in turn, the adversities and inconsistencies in the way the fictitious attribution interferes with the constitution of authority in Hobbes. In this sense, it becomes necessary to discuss the way in which Hobbes determines the function of the representative in the absence of his identification as author, that is, without any condition to attribute authority to his actors. This is, therefore, (...) a contradiction in terms of the rationality imposed by the model of representation proposed by Hobbes, in which the imputation of responsibility, in the case of the fictitious person, is absent of responsibility for his acts and, thus, making it impossible to assume responsibility for the acts of another. To this end, the aspects of the fictitious person and his relationship with the precepts of unauthorized authorization are highlighted in order to define the terms of the fictitious attribution and its implications in the legal theory of authorization in Hobbes. (shrink)

O objetivo deste artigo é problematizar a questão da segurança em Hobbes. Para tanto, discute-se a função do medo como um elemento fundamental para a obtenção da vida agradável, demonstrando o vínculo entre o medo e a razão instrumental como requisito fundamental na obtenção dos meios adequados para a instauração da segurança, a garantia das coisas que são necessárias para o estabelecimento da vida agradável. A hipótese que se pretende evidenciar é aquela segundo a qual a obtenção da segurança de (...) uma vida agradável depende necessariamente do cálculo instrumental das causas e consequências motivado pelo medo. Utilizando-se, portanto, do argumento do medo da morte violenta, relaciona-se a necessidade dos requisitos necessários para uma vida agradável à liberdade, compatível com a segurança e as condições de bem-estar do povo. Sendo assim, a segurança com a qual Hobbes preocupa-se é a segurança em vista de uma vida agradável. (shrink)

As demandas por pesquisas envolvendo seres humanos são cada vez mais frequentes no âmbito da pesquisa médica. Tal fato deve ser acompanhado por diretrizes bem determinadas para garantir a integridade física e moral daqueles que são objetos de experimentação científica. O objetivo fundamental desse artigo consiste em examinar os mecanismos de controle que envolve os projetos de pesquisa que utilizam humanos como objeto de experimentação na tentativa de evidenciar os procedimentos da proteção dos direitos e da dignidade desses. Para tanto, (...) aborda-se os critérios de atuação dos sistemas de revisão ética numa tentativa de demonstrar os limites e possibilidades dos Comitês de Ética em Pesquisa, mediante a sua atuação em relação e a sua responsabilidade social e científica.: Demands for research involving humans are increasingly common in medical research. This fact must be accompanied by very specific guidelines to ensure the physical and moral integrity of those who are objects of scientific experimentation. The fundamental objective of this paper is to examine the mechanisms of control that involves research projects that use human as an object of experimentation in an attempt to show the procedures of protecting the rights and dignity of those. Therefore, it approaches the performance criteria of the systems of ethical review in an attempt to demonstrate the limits and possibilities of the Ethics Committee, through their performance in relation to its social responsibility and scientific. Keywords: Medical research, Vulnerability, Human rights, Scientific practice, Experimentation. (shrink)

O propósito fundamental do presente artigo consiste em examinar os termos da liberdade em Hobbes, utilizando-se do sentido liberal de liberdade, por vezes atribuído ao modo como o filósofo concebe a sua posição sobre a liberdade, mediante as discussões de Quentin Skinner acerca da concepção “neorromana” de liberdade ou a liberdade republicana. Com base nesse pressuposto, pretende evidenciar como a concepção moderna de liberdade é inteiramente dependente da construção hobbesiana da “liberdade negativa”, influenciada diretamente por um debate político ocorrido na (...) Inglaterra nos meados do século XVII. Com base nesses elementos, o cerne das discussões que serão empreendidas no presente artigo diz respeito à crítica hobbesiana à liberdade republicana como pressuposto para demonstrar o desenvolvimento da concepção moderna de liberdade. Uma vez examinada essa relação, será possível, portanto, evidenciar os aspectos marcantes do liberalismo presentes na argumentação política de Hobbes. (shrink)

A filosofia civil ocupa um lugar de destaque no sistema filosófico de Hobbes. Compreende a sua reflexáo das disposições e costumes dos homens, isto é, a ética, os deveres civis e a política. No entanto, a filosofia civil constitui apenas uma parte da elaboraçáo sistemática da filosofia hobbesiana, que contêm, além da sua reflexáo política, importantes apontamentos sobre a física e a geometria. Neste artigo, buscaremos examinar o modo como Hobbes posiciona as diferentes partes que compõem o seu sistema filosófico, (...) a fim de tornarmos explícito o lugar que a filosofia civil ocupa no seu empreendimento filosófico. (shrink)

Normal 0 21 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 O objetivo desse artigo consiste em analisar as noções de representaçáo e autoridade presente no argumento contratualista de Hobbes. Essas noções sáo fundamentais para o entendimento do modo como o poder soberano age em relaçáo aos membros que o constitui. Assim, desmitifica-se a interpretaçáo no qual evidencia o Estado político proposto pelo filósofo em questáo contrário aos direitos individuais.

O objetivo desse artigo consiste em demonstrar o elemento da justificação como problema central na constituição argumentativa do contratualismo moderno e contemporâneo. Nesses termos, busca-se examinar o elemento em questão de modo a verificar o seu funcionamento teórico como “princípio de homogeneização” entre as duas vertentes. Trata-se, portanto, de conceber determinadas particularidades entre ambas as vertentes do argumento que evidencie a possibilidade de conceber no âmbito da argumentação a utilização sistematizada da categoria da justificação para fundamentar determinados princípios que, consequentemente, (...) sustentam a utilização do argumento do contrato em ambas vertentes desse argumento. (shrink)

Background: The new human coronavirus that leads to COVID-19 has spread rapidly around the world and has a high degree of lethality. In more severe cases, patients remain hospitalized for several days under treatment of the health team. Thus, it is important to develop and use technologies with the aim to strengthen conventional therapy by encouraging movement, physical activity, and improving cardiorespiratory fitness for patients. In this sense, therapies for exposure to virtual reality are promising and have been shown to (...) be an adequate and equivalent alternative to conventional exercise programs.Aim: This is a study protocol with the aim of comparing the conventional physical therapy intervention with the use of a non-immersive VR software during COVID-19 hospitalization.Methods: Fifty patients hospitalized with confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 will be divided in two groups under physiotherapy treatment using conventional or VR intervention: Group A: participants with COVID-19 will start the first day of the protocol with VR tasks in the morning and then in the second period, in the afternoon, will perform the conventional exercises and Group B: participants with COVID-19 will start the first day with conventional exercises in the morning and in the second period, in the afternoon, will perform activity with VR. All participants will be evaluated with different motor and physiologic scales before and after the treatment to measure improvements.Conclusion: Considering the importance of benefits from physical activity during hospitalization, VR software shows promise as a potential mechanism for improving physical activity. The results of this study may provide new insights into hospital rehabilitation.Trial Registration:ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT04537858. Registered on 01 September 2020. (shrink)

Pragmatismo é um movimento filosófico que inclui aqueles que afirmam que uma proposição é verdadeira se funciona de forma satisfatória, que o significado de uma proposição pode ser encontrado nas conseqüências práticas de aceitá-la, e que as idéias pouco práticas devem ser rejeitadas. O Pragmatismo começou no final do século XIX, com Charles Sanders Peirce (Como tornar nossas idéias mais claras, Fixação da Crença) e foi desenvolvido na obra de William James (Peirce e James eram membros do Clube Metafísico). O (...) pragmatismo tem uma idéia principal: a verdade é mutável. Este artigo é uma discussão teórico-conceitual sobre o direito de crer, a partir da filosofia pragmatista de William James. O artigo inicia com uma breve discussão sobre a religião, em seguida, discute a posição de Nietzsche e, por fim, discute-se a perspectiva da filosofia americana pragmatista criada por Charles Peirce e William James. Palavras-chave : Religião; Pragmatismo; Filosofia; Morte de DeusPragmatism is a philosophical movement that includes those who claim that a proposition is true if it works satisfactorily, and that the meaning of a proposition is to be found in the practical consequences of accepting it, and that unpractical ideas are to be rejected. The Pragmatism began in the late nineteenth century with Charles Sanders Peirce (How to Make Our Ideas Clear; The Fixation of Belief) and it was developed further in the works of William James (Peirce and James were members of The Metaphysical Club). The Pragmatism has a major idea: truth is mutable. This article is a theoretical-conceptual discussion about the right to believe, from the perspective of pragmatist philosophy of William James. The article begins with a brief discussion about religion, and then discusses the position of Nietzsche and, finally, the perspective of American philosophy created by the pragmatist Charles Peirce and William James is discussed. Keywords: Religion; Pragmatism; Philosophy; Death of God. (shrink)

No altar da Igreja de Santa Maria della Vittoria, encontramos a bela escultura de Bernini, denominada “O êxtase de Santa Teresa”. Símbolo da entrega ao gozo espiritual, a escultura do artista italiano representa Santa Teresa de Ávila recebendo do anjo a seta do amor divino, reprodução perfeita do êxtase místico e religioso. Esse trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a ocorrência de Teresas na literatura brasileira, como heroínas divididas entre o sacro e o profano. Propomos o estudo do romance Tereza Batista: (...) cansada de guerra, de Jorge Amado, a partir da intertextualidade com a tradição literária baiana, de Gregório de Matos e Castro Alves, e em contraponto ao pensamento religioso da obra lírica de Santa Teresa de Ávila, em diálogo com a escultura extática da santa, criada por Gian Lorenzo Bernini.Palavras-chaves: Santa Teresa de Ávila. Jorge Amado. Castro Alves. Gregório de Matos. Sagrado. Profano.At the altar of the Church of Santa Maria della Vittoria, is located the Bernini’s sculpture, called "The Ecstasy of St. Teresa." Symbol of surrender to spiritual joy, the sculpture by the Italian artist represents St. Teresa of Avila affected by the arrow of the Angel, perfect reproduction of the religious and mystical ecstasy. This article aims to analyze the occurrence of Teresas in Brazilian literature, as heroines divided between the sacred and the profane. We propose to study of the novel Tereza Batista: cansada de guerra, by Jorge Amado, from the intertextuality with the literary tradition of Bahia, of Gregorio de Mattos and Castro Alves, and in opposition to the religious thought of the lyrical work of St. Teresa de Ávila, in dialogue with the ecstatic sculpture of St. Tereza, by Gian Lorenzo Bernini.Keywords: St. Teresa of Ávila. Jorge Amado. Castro Alves. Gregório de Mattos. Sacred. Profane. (shrink)

In a recent opinion paper, it was argued that individuals with multiple retractions or a record of academic misconduct should not serve as editors, including as editors-in-chief, on the editorial boards of scholarly or academic journals. As a first step towards appreciating how such a policy could be applied in practice, the presence of 30 individuals listed on the Retraction Watch Leaderboard on editorial boards was screened. Six cases are highlighted to gain an appreciation of the potential reputational risks that (...) journals and publishers might incur by including individuals with a tainted academic record on editorial boards. Given the reputational, legal and other risks associated with this type of assessment and decision, more formal positioning and guidance are needed by global ethics policy-related bodies such as COPE, the ICMJE, and the CSE, even more so in journals that claim to follow these organizations’ ethical guidelines. (shrink)

Recently, contemporary epistemology come systematically discussing the theme of disagreement. In our everyday life, although many cases can be seen as merely apparent disagreements, there are also some cases where disputes are legitimates and the disagreements are real. But, would be possible to occur real disagreements between agents we consider epistemic peers? If that is possible, how can we react to these cases, in others words, what is the correct rational attitude in cases of peer disagreements? These are some of (...) the main questions raised by what we call epistemology of disagreements. The aim of this article is to offer a general vision of this contemporary debate. Firstly, i will to present the problem and demonstrate why the scenario of disagreement - mainly between epistemic peers - would be an important philosophical question. Then, i will to present the main theoretical alternatives that arose on the contemporary epistemology as an answers to this problem. Therefore, the aim of this article is to be explanatory it not search for any original position on this debate. (shrink)

The Extended Evolutionary Synthesis (EES) debate is gaining ground in contemporary evolutionary biology. In parallel, a number of philosophical standpoints have emerged in an attempt to clarify what exactly is represented by the EES. For Massimo Pigliucci, we are in the wake of the newest instantiation of a persisting Kuhnian paradigm; in contrast, Telmo Pievani has contended that the transition to an EES could be best represented as a progressive reformation of a prior Lakatosian scientific research program, with the extension (...) of its Neo-Darwinian core and the addition of a brand-new protective belt of assumptions and auxiliary hypotheses. Here, we argue that those philosophical vantage points are not the only ways to interpret what current proposals to ‘extend’ the Modern Synthesis-derived ‘standard evolutionary theory’ (SET) entail in terms of theoretical change in evolutionary biology. We specifically propose the image of the emergent EES as a vast network of models and interweaved representations that, instantiated in diverse practices, are connected and related in multiple ways. Under that assumption, the EES could be articulated around a paraconsistent network of evolutionary theories (including some elements of the SET), as well as models, practices and representation systems of contemporary evolutionary biology, with edges and nodes that change their position and centrality as a consequence of the co-construction and stabilization of facts and historical discussions revolving around the epistemic goals of this area of the life sciences. We then critically examine the purported structure of the EES—published by Laland and collaborators in 2015—in light of our own network-based proposal. Finally, we consider which epistemic units of Evo-Devo are present or still missing from the EES, in preparation for further analyses of the topic of explanatory integration in this conceptual framework. (shrink)

This paper explores that the topic of ethics dumping, its causes and potential remedies. In ED, the weaknesses or gaps in ethics policies and systems of lower income countries are intentionally exploited for intellectual or financial gains through research and publishing by higher income countries with a more stringent or complex ethical infrastructure in which such research and publishing practices would not be permitted. Several examples are provided. Possible ED needs to be evaluated before research takes place, and detected prior (...) to publication as an academic paper, because it might lead to a collaborative effort between a wealthier country with restrictive ethical policies and a less wealthy country with more permissive policies. Consequently, if that collaboration ultimately results in an academic paper, there are ethical ramifications of ED to scholarly communication. Institutional review board approval is central to avoid ED-based collaborations. Blind trust and goodwill alone cannot eliminate the exploitation of indigenous or “vulnerable” populations’ intellect and resources. Combining community-based participatory research using clear codes of research conduct and a simple but robust verification system in academic publishing may reduce the risks of ED-based research from being published. (shrink)

Contemporary evolutionary biology comprises a plural landscape of multiple co-existent conceptual frameworks and strenuous voices that disagree on the nature and scope of evolutionary theory. Since the mid-eighties, some of these conceptual frameworks have denounced the ontologies of the Modern Synthesis and of the updated Standard Theory of Evolution as unfinished or even flawed. In this paper, we analyze and compare two of those conceptual frameworks, namely Niles Eldredge’s Hierarchy Theory of Evolution (with its extended ontology of evolutionary entities) and (...) the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis (with its proposal of an extended ontology of evolutionary processes), in an attempt to map some epistemic bridges (e.g. compatible views of causation; niche construction) and some conceptual rifts (e.g. extra-genetic inheritance; different perspectives on macroevolution; contrasting standpoints held in the “externalism–internalism” debate) that exist between them. This paper seeks to encourage theoretical, philosophical and historiographical discussions about pluralism or the possible unification of contemporary evolutionary biology. (shrink)

This text presents some elective affinities and differences between the works of two powerful media theoreticians of the 20th century: Water Benjamin and Vilém Flusser. Both authors have shaped original perspectives on the relationship between art and technology. While holding a special place for the theory of photography, both have reflected upon the history of writing and its transformations during Modernity. In addition, both Benjamin and Flusser dedicated important texts to the question of translation and the philosophy of language. This (...) text also examines the differences between the Benjaminian theory of writing and image reproduction connected to his concept of post-auratic images, and, on the other hand, the Flusserian theory of technical and post-historical images. (shrink)

Anger is often an appropriate reaction to harms and injustices, but is it a politically beneficial one? Martha Nussbaum (Journal of the American Philosophical Association 1 (1), 41–56, 2015, Anger and Forgiveness. Oxford University Press, 2016) has argued that, although anger is useful in initially recruiting agents for action, anger is typically counterproductive to securing the political aims of those harmed. After the initial shockwave of outrage, Nussbaum argues that to be effective at enacting positive social change, groups and individuals (...) alike, must move quickly out of the state of anger. Feminist theorists (Frye, The Politics of Reality. Crossing Press, 1983; Lorde, 1997; Narayan, Hypatia 3 (2): 31–48, 1988) on the other hand have for long highlighted the efficacy of anger, as well as its moral and epistemic value, in fighting against the oppressive status quo. It might be thought therefore that for political action to be effective, a continued state of anger is preferable. Protestors must after all create and sustain a sense of moral obligation and justice. A main way of doing so is to promote successive moral shocks that trigger outrage (Jasper, Emotion Review 6 (3): 208–213, 2014). I present a novel, empirically informed defense of anger’s efficacy in political action. Nussbaum holds a traditional view on the nature of anger, inherited from Aristotle and the Stoics, which holds that anger constitutively involves a desire for retribution. The view that anger is counterproductive falls out of this and is dominant in academic work as well as in our personal and political lives. Based on work in social psychology, I argue that we need to reconsider this. In doing so, I highlight anger’s aim for recognition, rather than retribution, as key. Furthermore, I uncover conditions for anger’s political efficacy, as well as reasons for why the traditional view of anger has been so pervasive. (shrink)

The blogosphere is full of personalities with masks, or pseudonyms. Although not a desired state of public communication, one could excuse the use of pseudonyms in blogs and social media, which are generally unregulated or weakly regulated. However, in science publishing, there are increasingly strict rules regarding the use of false identities for authors, the lack of institutional or contact details, and the lack of conflicts of interest, and such instances are generally considered to be misconduct. This is because these (...) violations of publishing protocol decrease trust and confidence in science and bring disrepute to those scientists who conform to the rules set out by journals and publishers and abide by them. Thus, when cases are encountered where trust and protocol in publishing are breached, these deserve to be highlighted. In this letter, I focus on Neuroskeptic, a highly prominent science critic, primarily on the blogosphere and in social media, highlighting the dangers associated with the use of pseudonyms in academic publishing. (shrink)

The Venezuelan poet and philosopher Ludovico Silva argues that much of the confusion around Marx's work results from a failure to understand his mode of expression. Through meticulous readings of key passages in Marx's oeuvre, Silva isolates the central elements of his style: the search for an architectonic unity at the level of the text, his capacity to express himself dialectically at the level of the sentence, and, above all, his great gift for metaphor.

A surge in post-publication activity related to editing, including by technical editors and copyeditors, is worthy of some discussion. One of these issues involves the issue of 'tortured phrases', which are bizarre terms and phrases in academic papers that replace standard English expressions or jargon. This phenomenon may reveal an attempt to avoid the detection of textual similarity or to masquerade plagiarism, and yet remain undetected by editors, peer reviewers and text editors. Potentially thousands of cases have already been discovered (...) and reported publicly on the post-publication platform PubPeer. In this opinion paper, 35 cases from ranked scholarly journals are presented, mainly the fields of materials, computer and engineering sciences. This collation serves to expand discussion about this integrity-related phenomenon and to increase educational awareness of the topic. (shrink)

Este artigo apresenta o resultado de uma pesquisa desenvolvida no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ensino de História da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (ProfHistória/UFU). Nos limites do texto o objetivo consistiu em apresentar o processo que culminou na elaboração do Curso intitulado “Por uma educação antirracista: o estudo da história da África, cultura afro-brasileira e relações étnico-raciais” produzido como resultado da pesquisa desenvolvida no mestrado profissional, tendo como base e público alvo estudantes jovens e adultos. O estudo está fundamentado em uma (...) pesquisa qualitativa, com revisão bibliográfica em livros e artigos acadêmicos tendo como principais referências autores que realizaram estudos sobre Educação de Jovens e adultos (EJA) e Educação e relações étnico-raciais. Analisamos documentos que regularizam a educação brasileira e as leis antirracistas dedicando atenção especial à Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação (LDB) 9.394/96 e à Lei 10.639/03, alterada posteriormente pela Lei 11.645/08 que estabelece a obrigatoriedade da temática História e cultura afro-brasileira e indígena. Recorreu também a um questionário diagnóstico aplicado aos jovens e adultos estudantes do Centro Estadual de Educação Continuada (CESEC Uberlândia). Conclui-se que para efetivar uma educação antirracista, o ensino de História da África e Cultura Afro-Brasileira não pode se limitar a ações pontuais. É necessário descolonizar os currículos. (shrink)

Esse artigo apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa de imagens nos arquivos da ditadura brasileira, para a realização de um filme documentário histórico. As estratégias políticas de acesso aos documentos do período e os procedimentos estéticos desenvolvidos na montagem para a valorização desses acervos são, aqui, analisados, com o intuito de extrair dessa experiência empírica ensinamentos sobre a escrita da história no cinema.

Este artigo procura desenvolver o conceito de "crítica" no primeiro romantismo, sobretudo em seus principais representantes, Friedrich Schlegel e Novalis. A partir destes autores já não se pode falar de uma obra de arte desvinculada da reflexão sobre ela, mas, por sua vez, a própria "critica" deve se tomar arte.

Retractions of COVID-19 literature in both preprints and the peer-reviewed literature serve as a reminder that there are still challenging issues underlying the integrity of the biomedical literature. The risks to academia become larger when such retractions take place in high-ranking biomedical journals. In some cases, retractions result from unreliable or nonexistent data, an issue that could easily be avoided by having open data policies, but there have also been retractions due to oversight in peer review and editorial verification. As (...) COVID-19 continues to affect academics and societies around the world, failures in peer review might also constitute a public health risk. The effectiveness by which COVID-19 literature is corrected, including through retractions, depends on the stringency of measures in place to detect errors and to correct erroneous literature. It also relies on the stringent implementation of open data policies. (shrink)

The title of the paper is an allusion to Philip K. Dick’s book Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (which inspired the movie Blade Runner) and aims, at once, to highlight the (possible) relation between Criminal Law and Artificial Intelligence in its two dimensions of criminal protection (hence the reference to ‘electric crimes’) and criminal liability (hence the reference to the androids’ dreams), within the background problem of knowing whether Artificial Intelligence is truly mind. The purpose of this paper is, (...) precisely, to identify whether there is indeed such relation, in those two dimensions, and making use of a mediating concept, the concept of ‘mind (or ‘mentality’). I argue that Artificial Intelligence “specimens” do not have a mind and, therefore, its protection and regulation by Criminal Law is impaired. I conclude by presenting a choice between a total irrelevance model of Artificial Intelligence to Criminal Law and a model in which Artificial Intelligence emerges as object and subject of Criminal Law by analogy with persons. (shrink)

In the academic world, despite their corrective nature, there is still a negative stigma attached to retractions, even more so if they are based on ethical infractions. Editors-in-chief and editors are role models in academic and scholarly communities. Thus, if they have multiple retractions or a record of academic misconduct, this viewpoint argues that they should not serve on journals’ editorial boards. The exception is where such individuals have displayed a clear path of scholarly reform. Policy and guidance is needed (...) by organizations such as the Committee on Publication Ethics. (shrink)

This article offers a new understanding of populism. The argument unfolds as follows: first, the populist literature is reviewed and two main approaches are identified: ontic and logic-oriented, the more important of which is the Schmitt-Laclau logic of enmity. While the authors broadly agree with Laclau’s criticism of ontic approaches, they endorse neither his ontological understanding of enmity, nor his claim that populism is politics, and enmity is the logic of populism. Next, the origins of populism are located in a (...) paradox at the heart of democracy. Democracy defines itself as a community of inclusion, yet exclusion is constitutive of inclusion, including therefore democratic inclusion. Then is discussed what the authors believe to be the true logic of populism: resentment. Unlike enmity, which functions in Laclau’s populist theory as an ontology of non-identity, resentment operates within a rivalrous framework, which presupposes identification between the parts and refers to a set of normative commitments. Finally, the article concludes by presenting an understanding of populism as a specific logic of political action. (shrink)

ENTREVISTA COM PROFESSORAS (ES) DE FILOSOFIA DO ENSINO SUPERIOR DO CEARÁ – BLOCO IICom: Cristiane Maria Marinho, Francisco José da Silva, Camila do Espírito Santo Prado de OliveiraPor: Antônio Alex Pereira de Sousa, Paulo Willame Araújo de Lima.

This book addresses the European Court of Human Rights’ fairness standards in criminal appeal, filling a gap in this less researched area of studies. Based on a fair trial immediacy requirement, the Court has found several violations of Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights at the appellate level by at least eighteen States of the Council of Europe in a vast array of cases, particularly in contexts of first instance acquittals overturning and of sentences increasing on appeal. (...) -/- On the one hand, the book critically engages this case-law with the law revisions it has recently inspired in European countries, as well as with the critiques and difficulties that it continues to raise. On the other hand, it interweaves insight from criminal procedure theory with new discoveries in the field of cognitive sciences (neuroscience of memory, philosophy of knowledge, AI), shedding an interdisciplinary light on the (in)adequacy and limits of the Strasbourg Court’s jurisprudence. (shrink)

Porventura, o principal problema a enfrentar em Filosofia Normativa é aquele que designarei de ‘problema da compatibilidade’: as normas têm duas características essenciais, a necessidade e a violabilidade, que parecem ser incompatíveis. De acordo com a primeira das características intrínsecas das normas, se p é obrigatório, então p tem de ser verdadeira. De acordo com a segunda das características intrínsecas das normas, mesmo sendo p obrigatório, p pode não ser verdadeira. A capacidade para acomodar esta aparente natureza paradoxal das normas (...) constitui o teste derradeiro de verdade de uma tese em Filosofia Normativa. Defendo que só uma tese passa este teste: a semântica condicional, fortemente inspirada no que Husserl diz nas Investigações Lógicas. Esta tese rivaliza directamente com a semântica dos mundos ideais, surgida a par do desenvolvimento da Lógica Deôntica no século XX. Para a semântica dos mundos ideais, ‘p é obrigatório’ significa ‘p é uma verdade em todos os mundos possíveis que são os ideais’. Como o mundo atual não é um mundo ideal, fica explicado o facto de p poder não ser verdadeira no mundo atual, mesmo havendo necessidade. E se o mundo atual for um mundo ideal? Continua a não haver violabilidade: a verdade de ‘p é obrigatório’ no mundo atual garante a verdade de ‘p’ no mundo atual. Seguindo a semântica dos mundos ideais, as normas são invioláveis em todos os mundos ideais. Nesta dissertação, defendo que o termo ‘necessário’ é ambíguo e que, no contexto normativo, é usado de um modo particular: não designa o conceito modal de necessidade mas o conceito de indispensabilidade. Dizer que p é normativamente necessário é o mesmo que dizer que p é indispensável (para alguma coisa). Ora, é possível que ‘p’ seja indispensável e falsa simultaneamente. (shrink)

Academic publishing is undergoing a highly transformative process, and many established rules and value systems that are in place, such as traditional peer review (TPR) and preprints, are facing unprecedented challenges, including as a result of post-publication peer review. The integrity and validity of the academic literature continue to rely naively on blind trust, while TPR and preprints continue to fail to effectively screen out errors, fraud, and misconduct. Imperfect TPR invariably results in imperfect papers that have passed through varying (...) levels of rigor of screening and validation. If errors or misconduct were not detected during TPR’s editorial screening, but are detected at the post-publication stage, an opportunity is created to correct the academic record. Currently, the most common forms of correcting the academic literature are errata, corrigenda, expressions of concern, and retractions or withdrawals. Some additional measures to correct the literature have emerged, including manuscript versioning, amendments, partial retractions and retract and replace. Preprints can also be corrected if their version is updated. This paper discusses the risks, benefits and limitations of these forms of correcting the academic literature. (shrink)

En este artículo realizamos una reconstrucción del Programa original de Hilbert antes del surgimiento de los teoremas limitativos de la tercera década del siglo pasado. Para tal reconstrucción empezaremos por mostrar lo que Torretti llama los primeros titubeos formales de Hilbert, es decir, la defensa por el método axiomático como enfoque fundamentante. Seguidamente, mostraremos como estos titubeos formales se establecen como un verdadero programa de investigación lógico-matemático y como dentro de dicho programa la inquietud por la decidibilidad de los problemas (...) matemáticos y en específico la decidibilidad de la Lógica de primer orden cobra peso. Luego pasamos a analizar como la inquietud por la decibilidad toma lugar dentro del pensamiento filosófico-matemático de Hilbert presentándose como uno de los grandes problemas a los cuales la metamatemática debe encontrar una solución, esto lo hacemos mostrando un contraste con autores, como John von Neumann y Roberto Torretti, quienes de alguna u otra manera no interpretan el problema de la decidibilidad de la Lógica de primer orden como un problema de peso dentro del programa original de Hilbert. Finalmente argumentamos que el resultado meta-teórico de Church puede entenderse como una refutación del optimismo intelectual que permea a todo el programa original de Hilbert. (shrink)

Carolina Maria de Jesus, Abdias Nascimento, and Lélia Gonzalez are presented in this essay as Afro-Brazilian existentialist thinkers, whose global significance lies in their outlining philosophical interpretations of Brazil that center racial relations in the formation of the nation. By combining accounts of the lives and intellectual contributions of these thinkers, one can understand the core of each of their projects, whether in philosophical literature, sociological study of ethnic-racial relations, or philosophical anthropology. Part of a line of thought in which (...) the terms “black” and “existence” are put together, Jesus, Nascimento, and Gonzalez exemplarily proposed practices of decolonial knowledge production based on the notion that it is possible with the struggle for freedom and justice to reverse power structures that hierarchize human beings. (shrink)

Recently, approach-avoidance tendencies and visual perception biases have been increasingly studied using bistable point-light walkers (PLWs). Prior studies have found a facing-the-viewer bias when one is primed with general threat stimuli (e.g. angry faces), explained by the “error management theory”, as failing to detect a threat as approaching is riskier than the opposite. Importantly, no study has explored how disease threat – linked to the behavioural immune system – might affect this bias. This study aimed to explore whether disease-signalling cues (...) can alter how we perceive the motion direction of ambiguous PLWs. Throughout 3 experiments, participants indicated the motion direction of a bistable PLW previously primed with a control or disease-signalling stimuli – that is, face with a surgical mask (Experiment 1), sickness sound (Experiment 2), or face with a disease cue (Experiment 3). Results showed that sickness cues do not significantly modulate the perception of approach-avoidance behaviours. However, a pattern emerged in Experiments 2 and 3, suggesting that sickness stimuli led to more facing away percepts. Unlike other types of threat, this implies that disease-related threat stimuli might trigger a distinct perceptual bias, indicating a preference to avoid a possible infection source. Nonetheless, this finding warrants future investigations. (shrink)

The concept of corporal image includes how own body, taking into account their constituent parts, as well as the feelings related the those characteristics. The entrance in academica life provokes alterations in the feeding behavior, and the exposition to the new social environment they can bring as consequence an increase in dissatisfaction. Objective: To investigate the satisfaction with the body image and eating behavior of academics at a university center. Methods: For data collection, the following instruments were used. The evaluation (...) was performed with anthropometric measurements, as size and weight measurements. In order to diagnose the nutritional status, the body mass index was used. In order to evaluate the study variables; we used the Body Checking questionnaires Questionnaire. Male Body Checking Questionnaire, Body Shape Questionnaire and EAT-26. Results: According to the Body Mass Index, the female gender had a higher rate of adequacy (70.4%), in relation to the masculine (58,9%). The EAT-26 questionnaire showed that 85% of male engineering students presented risk for Feeding Disorders, in relation to the female psychology (89.8%). Conclusion: In terms of feeding behavior, the women scored higher than men, which suggests a higher susceptibility to Feeding Disorders development in men. (shrink)

The model of mind and body in Tibetan medical practice is based on Buddhist theory, and is neither dualistic in a Cartesian sense, nor monistic. Rather, it represents a genuine alternative to these positions by presenting mind/body interaction as a dynamic process that is situated within the context of the individual’s relationships with others and the environment. Due to the distinctiveness, yet interdependence, of mind and body, the physician’s task is to heal the patient’s mind (blo-gso) as well as body. (...) This in turn emphasizes the central importance of ‘compassion’ in the physician/patient relationship. This article investigates how Tibetan medical practitioners understand and enact the mind/ body and physician/patient relationships, and how this relates to theoretical explications of these relationships in Tibetan medical and Buddhist teachings. Furthermore, Tibetan medicine provides an interesting model for comparison with embodied theories of cognition, which see consciousness, the body and its environment as integral parts of a complex, dynamical cognitive system. (shrink)

Neste artigo, pretendo analisar na filosofia de Tomás de Aquino (i) se a “essência absolutamente considerada” (ou “natureza comum”) pode desempenhar papel de fundamento do universal na coisa singular ou indivíduo e (ii) se ela é obtida simultaneamente com a abstração inteligível da essência com intenção de universalidade ou por uma “dupla abstração”. Além disso, procurarei ponderar se a “essência absolutamente considerada” prescinde ou não de certa apropriação tomasiana de uma teoria das ideias e se relacioná-la com as ideias é (...) necessário para a fundamentação da “similitude” entre os universais e os indivíduos. Por fim, abordarei algumas recepções díspares de Tomás de Aquino nos séculos XX e XXI, como realista direto, essencialista, realista indireto, representacionalista etc. (shrink)

O trabalho busca suscitar questões e inferências sobre a utilização de plataformas digitais de comunicação, como conformações capitalistas entendendo que esses ambientes agem na incorporação de significações, com seus sentidos, na mediação de um sistema ideológico-discursivo que age nos sujeitos e na sociedade. Para tal, situa a informação como um dispositivo, um infômato que sempre medeia e armazena e é capaz de formar e ser formada, alicerçada em conjuntos de pertencimentos em contínuos significados compartilhados. Reflete sobre a compreensão discursivo-ideológica da (...) informação, sua capacidade de agir como máquina performativa. Ao olhar para uma ontologia sobre o político da informação é possível reconhecer uma reflexão crítica sobre as mediações que constituem a informação enquanto objeto social. (shrink)